1177 lines
31 KiB
Plaintext
1177 lines
31 KiB
Plaintext
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1994-1996, 1998-2005, 2007-2018
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.\" Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@sudo.ws>
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.\"
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.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
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.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
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.\"
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.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
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.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
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.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
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.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
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.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
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.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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.\" ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" Sponsored in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects
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.\" Agency (DARPA) and Air Force Research Laboratory, Air Force
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.\" Materiel Command, USAF, under agreement number F39502-99-1-0512.
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.\"
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.Dd March 21, 2018
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.Dt SUDO @mansectsu@
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.Os Sudo @PACKAGE_VERSION@
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm sudo ,
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.Nm sudoedit
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.Nd execute a command as another user
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm sudo
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.Fl h | K | k | V
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.Nm sudo
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.Fl v
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.Op Fl AknS
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.Op Fl a Ar type
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.Op Fl g Ar group
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.Op Fl h Ar host
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.Op Fl p Ar prompt
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.Op Fl u Ar user
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.Nm sudo
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.Fl l
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.Op Fl AknS
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.Op Fl a Ar type
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.Op Fl g Ar group
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.Op Fl h Ar host
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.Op Fl p Ar prompt
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.Op Fl U Ar user
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.Op Fl u Ar user
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.Op Ar command
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.Nm sudo
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.Op Fl AbEHnPS
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.Op Fl a Ar type
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.Op Fl C Ar num
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.Op Fl c Ar class
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.Op Fl g Ar group
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.Op Fl h Ar host
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.Op Fl p Ar prompt
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.Op Fl r Ar role
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.Op Fl t Ar type
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.Op Fl T Ar timeout
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.Op Fl u Ar user
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.Op Ar VAR Ns = Ns Ar value
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.Op Fl i | s
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.Op Ar command
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.Nm sudoedit
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.Op Fl AknS
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.Op Fl a Ar type
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.Op Fl C Ar num
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.Op Fl c Ar class
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.Op Fl g Ar group
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.Op Fl h Ar host
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.Op Fl p Ar prompt
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.Op Fl T Ar timeout
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.Op Fl u Ar user
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.Ar
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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allows a permitted user to execute a
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.Ar command
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as the superuser or another user, as specified by the security
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policy.
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The invoking user's real
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.Pq Em not No effective
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user ID is used to determine the user name with which
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to query the security policy.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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supports a plugin architecture for security policies and input/output
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logging.
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Third parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O
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logging plugins to work seamlessly with the
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.Nm
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front end.
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The default security policy is
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.Em sudoers ,
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which is configured via the file
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.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudoers ,
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or via LDAP.
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See the
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.Sx Plugins
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section for more information.
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.Pp
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The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has
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to run
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.Nm .
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The policy may require that users authenticate themselves with a
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password or another authentication mechanism.
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If authentication is required,
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.Nm
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will exit if the user's password is not entered within a configurable
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time limit.
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This limit is policy-specific; the default password prompt timeout
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for the
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.Em sudoers
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security policy is
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.Li @password_timeout@
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minutes.
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.Pp
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Security policies may support credential caching to allow the user
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to run
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.Nm
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again for a period of time without requiring authentication.
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The
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.Em sudoers
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policy caches credentials for
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.Li @timeout@
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minutes, unless overridden in
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.Xr sudoers @mansectform@ .
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By running
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.Nm
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with the
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.Fl v
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option, a user can update the cached credentials without running a
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.Ar command .
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.Pp
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When invoked as
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.Nm sudoedit ,
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the
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.Fl e
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option (described below), is implied.
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.Pp
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Security policies may log successful and failed attempts to use
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.Nm .
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If an I/O plugin is configured, the running command's input and
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output may be logged as well.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width Fl
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.It Fl A , -askpass
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Normally, if
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.Nm
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requires a password, it will read it from the user's terminal.
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If the
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.Fl A Pq Em askpass
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option is specified, a (possibly graphical) helper program is
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executed to read the user's password and output the password to the
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standard output.
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If the
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.Ev SUDO_ASKPASS
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environment variable is set, it specifies the path to the helper
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program.
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Otherwise, if
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.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
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contains a line specifying the askpass program, that value will be
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used.
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For example:
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.Bd -literal -offset 4n
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# Path to askpass helper program
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Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass
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.Ed
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.Pp
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If no askpass program is available,
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.Nm
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will exit with an error.
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.It Fl a Ar type , Fl -auth-type Ns = Ns Ar type
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Use the specified BSD authentication
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.Ar type
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when validating the user, if allowed by
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.Pa /etc/login.conf .
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The system administrator may specify a list of sudo-specific
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authentication methods by adding an
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.Dq auth-sudo
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entry in
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.Pa /etc/login.conf .
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This option is only available on systems that support BSD authentication.
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.It Fl b , -background
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Run the given command in the background.
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Note that it is not possible to use shell job control to manipulate
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background processes started by
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.Nm .
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Most interactive commands will fail to work properly in background
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mode.
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.It Fl C Ar num , Fl -close-from Ns = Ns Ar num
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Close all file descriptors greater than or equal to
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.Ar num
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before executing a command.
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Values less than three are not permitted.
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By default,
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.Nm
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will close all open file descriptors other than standard input,
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standard output and standard error when executing a command.
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The security policy may restrict the user's ability to use this option.
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The
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.Em sudoers
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policy only permits use of the
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.Fl C
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option when the administrator has enabled the
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.Em closefrom_override
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option.
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.It Fl c Ar class , Fl -login-class Ns = Ns Ar class
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Run the command with resource limits and scheduling priority of
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the specified login
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.Ar class .
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The
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.Ar class
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argument can be either a class name as defined in
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.Pa /etc/login.conf ,
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or a single
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.Ql \-
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character.
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If
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.Ar class
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is
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.Cm - ,
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the default login class of the target user will be used.
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Otherwise, the command must be run as the superuser (user ID 0), or
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.Nm
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must be run from a shell that is already running as the superuser.
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If the command is being run as a login shell, additional
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.Pa /etc/login.conf
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settings, such as the umask and environment variables, will
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be applied, if present.
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This option is only available on systems with BSD login classes.
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.It Fl E , -preserve-env
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Indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to
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preserve their existing environment variables.
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The security policy may return an error if the user does not have
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permission to preserve the environment.
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.It Fl -preserve-env=list
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Indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to add the
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comma-separated list of environment variables to those preserved
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from the user's environment.
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The security policy may return an error if the user does not have
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permission to preserve the environment.
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.It Fl e , -edit
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Edit one or more files instead of running a command.
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In lieu of a path name, the string "sudoedit" is used when consulting
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the security policy.
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If the user is authorized by the policy, the following steps are
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taken:
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.Bl -enum -offset 4
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.It
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Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited with the owner
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set to the invoking user.
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.It
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The editor specified by the policy is run to edit the temporary
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files.
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The
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.Em sudoers
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policy uses the
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.Ev SUDO_EDITOR ,
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.Ev VISUAL
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and
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.Ev EDITOR
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environment variables (in that order).
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If none of
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.Ev SUDO_EDITOR ,
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.Ev VISUAL
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or
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.Ev EDITOR
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are set, the first program listed in the
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.Em editor
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.Xr sudoers @mansectform@
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option is used.
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.It
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If they have been modified, the temporary files are copied back to
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their original location and the temporary versions are removed.
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.El
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.Pp
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To help prevent the editing of unauthorized files, the following
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restrictions are enforced unless explicitly allowed by the security policy:
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.Bl -bullet -offset 4 -width 1n
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.It
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Symbolic links may not be edited (version 1.8.15 and higher).
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.It
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Symbolic links along the path to be edited are not followed when the
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parent directory is writable by the invoking user unless that user
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is root (version 1.8.16 and higher).
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.It
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Files located in a directory that is writable by the invoking user may
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not be edited unless that user is root (version 1.8.16 and higher).
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.El
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.Pp
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Users are never allowed to edit device special files.
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.Pp
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If the specified file does not exist, it will be created.
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Note that unlike most commands run by
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.Em sudo ,
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the editor is run with the invoking user's environment unmodified.
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If, for some reason,
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.Nm
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is unable to update a file with its edited version, the user will
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receive a warning and the edited copy will remain in a temporary
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file.
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.It Fl g Ar group , Fl -group Ns = Ns Ar group
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Run the command with the primary group set to
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.Ar group
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instead of the primary group specified by the target
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user's password database entry.
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The
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.Ar group
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may be either a group name or a numeric group ID
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.Pq GID
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prefixed with the
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.Ql #
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character (e.g.
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.Li #0
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for GID 0).
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When running a command as a GID, many shells require that the
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.Ql #
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be escaped with a backslash
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.Pq Ql \e .
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If no
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.Fl u
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option is specified, the command will be run as the invoking user.
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In either case, the primary group will be set to
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.Ar group .
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.It Fl H , -set-home
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Request that the security policy set the
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.Ev HOME
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environment variable to the home directory specified by the target
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user's password database entry.
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Depending on the policy, this may be the default behavior.
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.It Fl h , -help
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Display a short help message to the standard output and exit.
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.It Fl h Ar host , Fl -host Ns = Ns Ar host
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Run the command on the specified
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.Ar host
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if the security policy plugin supports remote commands.
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Note that the
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.Em sudoers
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plugin does not currently support running remote commands.
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This may also be used in conjunction with the
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.Fl l
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option to list a user's privileges for the remote host.
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.It Fl i , -login
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Run the shell specified by the target user's password database entry
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as a login shell.
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This means that login-specific resource files such as
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.Pa .profile ,
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.Pa .bash_profile
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or
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.Pa .login
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will be read by the shell.
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If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell for execution
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via the shell's
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.Fl c
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option.
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If no command is specified, an interactive shell is executed.
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.Nm
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attempts to change to that user's home directory before running the
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shell.
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The command is run with an environment similar to the one
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a user would receive at log in.
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Note that most shells behave differently when a command is specified
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as compared to an interactive session; consult the shell's manual
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for details.
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The
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.Em Command environment
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section in the
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||
|
|
.Xr sudoers @mansectform@
|
||
|
|
manual documents how the
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.Fl i
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option affects the environment in which a command is run when the
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.Em sudoers
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policy is in use.
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.It Fl K , -remove-timestamp
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Similar to the
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||
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.Fl k
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||
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option, except that it removes the user's cached credentials entirely
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||
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and may not be used in conjunction with a command or other option.
|
||
|
|
This option does not require a password.
|
||
|
|
Not all security policies support credential caching.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl k , -reset-timestamp
|
||
|
|
When used without a command, invalidates the user's cached credentials.
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|
In other words, the next time
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||
|
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.Nm
|
||
|
|
is run a password will be required.
|
||
|
|
This option does not require a password and was added to allow a
|
||
|
|
user to revoke
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
permissions from a
|
||
|
|
.Pa .logout
|
||
|
|
file.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
When used in conjunction with a command or an option that may require
|
||
|
|
a password, this option will cause
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
to ignore the user's cached credentials.
|
||
|
|
As a result,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will prompt for a password (if one is required by the security
|
||
|
|
policy) and will not update the user's cached credentials.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
Not all security policies support credential caching.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl l , Fl -list
|
||
|
|
If no
|
||
|
|
.Ar command
|
||
|
|
is specified,
|
||
|
|
list the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the
|
||
|
|
invoking user (or the user specified by the
|
||
|
|
.Fl U
|
||
|
|
option) on the current host.
|
||
|
|
A longer list format is used if this option is specified multiple times
|
||
|
|
and the security policy supports a verbose output format.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
If a
|
||
|
|
.Ar command
|
||
|
|
is specified and is permitted by the security policy, the fully-qualified
|
||
|
|
path to the command is displayed along with any command line
|
||
|
|
arguments.
|
||
|
|
If a
|
||
|
|
.Ar command
|
||
|
|
is specified but not allowed by the policy,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will exit with a status value of 1.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl n , -non-interactive
|
||
|
|
Avoid prompting the user for input of any kind.
|
||
|
|
If a password is required for the command to run,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will display an error message and exit.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl P , -preserve-groups
|
||
|
|
Preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered.
|
||
|
|
By default, the
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
policy will initialize the group vector to the list of groups the
|
||
|
|
target user is a member of.
|
||
|
|
The real and effective group IDs, however, are still set to match
|
||
|
|
the target user.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl p Ar prompt , Fl -prompt Ns = Ns Ar prompt
|
||
|
|
Use a custom password prompt with optional escape sequences.
|
||
|
|
The following percent
|
||
|
|
.Pq Ql %
|
||
|
|
escape sequences are supported by the
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
policy:
|
||
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 2n
|
||
|
|
.It Li %H
|
||
|
|
expanded to the host name including the domain name (on if the
|
||
|
|
machine's host name is fully qualified or the
|
||
|
|
.Em fqdn
|
||
|
|
option is set in
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudoers @mansectform@ )
|
||
|
|
.It Li %h
|
||
|
|
expanded to the local host name without the domain name
|
||
|
|
.It Li %p
|
||
|
|
expanded to the name of the user whose password is being requested
|
||
|
|
(respects the
|
||
|
|
.Em rootpw ,
|
||
|
|
.Em targetpw ,
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
.Em runaspw
|
||
|
|
flags in
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudoers @mansectform@ )
|
||
|
|
.It Li \&%U
|
||
|
|
expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as
|
||
|
|
(defaults to root unless the
|
||
|
|
.Fl u
|
||
|
|
option is also specified)
|
||
|
|
.It Li %u
|
||
|
|
expanded to the invoking user's login name
|
||
|
|
.It Li %%
|
||
|
|
two consecutive
|
||
|
|
.Ql %
|
||
|
|
characters are collapsed into a single
|
||
|
|
.Ql %
|
||
|
|
character
|
||
|
|
.El
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
The custom prompt will override the default prompt specified by either
|
||
|
|
the security policy or the
|
||
|
|
.Ev SUDO_PROMPT
|
||
|
|
environment variable.
|
||
|
|
On systems that use PAM, the custom prompt will also override the prompt
|
||
|
|
specified by a PAM module unless the
|
||
|
|
.Em passprompt_override
|
||
|
|
flag is disabled in
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers .
|
||
|
|
.It Fl r Ar role , Fl -role Ns = Ns Ar role
|
||
|
|
Run the command with an SELinux security context that includes
|
||
|
|
the specified
|
||
|
|
.Ar role .
|
||
|
|
.It Fl S , -stdin
|
||
|
|
Write the prompt to the standard error and read the password from the
|
||
|
|
standard input instead of using the terminal device.
|
||
|
|
The password must be followed by a newline character.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl s , -shell
|
||
|
|
Run the shell specified by the
|
||
|
|
.Ev SHELL
|
||
|
|
environment variable if it is set or the shell specified by the
|
||
|
|
invoking user's password database entry.
|
||
|
|
If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell for execution
|
||
|
|
via the shell's
|
||
|
|
.Fl c
|
||
|
|
option.
|
||
|
|
If no command is specified, an interactive shell is executed.
|
||
|
|
Note that most shells behave differently when a command is specified
|
||
|
|
as compared to an interactive session; consult the shell's manual
|
||
|
|
for details.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl t Ar type , Fl -type Ns = Ns Ar type
|
||
|
|
Run the command with an SELinux security context that includes
|
||
|
|
the specified
|
||
|
|
.Ar type .
|
||
|
|
If no
|
||
|
|
.Ar type
|
||
|
|
is specified, the default type is derived from the role.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl U Ar user , Fl -other-user Ns = Ns Ar user
|
||
|
|
Used in conjunction with the
|
||
|
|
.Fl l
|
||
|
|
option to list the privileges for
|
||
|
|
.Ar user
|
||
|
|
instead of for the invoking user.
|
||
|
|
The security policy may restrict listing other users' privileges.
|
||
|
|
The
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
policy only allows root or a user with the
|
||
|
|
.Li ALL
|
||
|
|
privilege on the current host to use this option.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl T Ar timeout , Fl -command-timeout Ns = Ns Ar timeout
|
||
|
|
Used to set a timeout for the command.
|
||
|
|
If the timeout expires before the command has exited, the
|
||
|
|
command will be terminated.
|
||
|
|
The security policy may restrict the ability to set command timeouts.
|
||
|
|
The
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
policy requires that user-specified timeouts be explicitly enabled.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl u Ar user , Fl -user Ns = Ns Ar user
|
||
|
|
Run the command as a user other than the default target user
|
||
|
|
(usually
|
||
|
|
.Em root ) .
|
||
|
|
The
|
||
|
|
.Ar user
|
||
|
|
may be either a user name or a numeric user ID
|
||
|
|
.Pq UID
|
||
|
|
prefixed with the
|
||
|
|
.Ql #
|
||
|
|
character (e.g.
|
||
|
|
.Li #0
|
||
|
|
for UID 0).
|
||
|
|
When running commands as a UID, many shells require that the
|
||
|
|
.Ql #
|
||
|
|
be escaped with a backslash
|
||
|
|
.Pq Ql \e .
|
||
|
|
Some security policies may restrict UIDs
|
||
|
|
to those listed in the password database.
|
||
|
|
The
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
policy allows UIDs that are not in the password database as long as the
|
||
|
|
.Em targetpw
|
||
|
|
option is not set.
|
||
|
|
Other security policies may not support this.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl V , -version
|
||
|
|
Print the
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
version string as well as the version string of the security
|
||
|
|
policy plugin and any I/O plugins.
|
||
|
|
If the invoking user is already root the
|
||
|
|
.Fl V
|
||
|
|
option will display the arguments passed to configure when
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
was built and plugins may display more verbose information such as
|
||
|
|
default options.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl v , -validate
|
||
|
|
Update the user's cached credentials, authenticating the user
|
||
|
|
if necessary.
|
||
|
|
For the
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
plugin, this extends the
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
timeout for another
|
||
|
|
.Li @timeout@
|
||
|
|
minutes by default, but does not run a command.
|
||
|
|
Not all security policies support cached credentials.
|
||
|
|
.It Fl -
|
||
|
|
The
|
||
|
|
.Fl -
|
||
|
|
option indicates that
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
should stop processing command line arguments.
|
||
|
|
.El
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
Environment variables to be set for the command may also be passed
|
||
|
|
on the command line in the form of
|
||
|
|
.Ar VAR Ns = Ns Ar value ,
|
||
|
|
e.g.\&
|
||
|
|
.Ev LD_LIBRARY_PATH Ns = Ns Pa /usr/local/pkg/lib .
|
||
|
|
Variables passed on the command line are subject to restrictions
|
||
|
|
imposed by the security policy plugin.
|
||
|
|
The
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
policy subjects variables passed on the command line to the same
|
||
|
|
restrictions as normal environment variables with one important
|
||
|
|
exception.
|
||
|
|
If the
|
||
|
|
.Em setenv
|
||
|
|
option is set in
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers ,
|
||
|
|
the command to be run has the
|
||
|
|
.Li SETENV
|
||
|
|
tag set or the command matched is
|
||
|
|
.Li ALL ,
|
||
|
|
the user may set variables that would otherwise be forbidden.
|
||
|
|
See
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudoers @mansectform@
|
||
|
|
for more information.
|
||
|
|
.Sh COMMAND EXECUTION
|
||
|
|
When
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
executes a command, the security policy specifies the execution
|
||
|
|
environment for the command.
|
||
|
|
Typically, the real and effective user and group and IDs are set to
|
||
|
|
match those of the target user, as specified in the password database,
|
||
|
|
and the group vector is initialized based on the group database
|
||
|
|
(unless the
|
||
|
|
.Fl P
|
||
|
|
option was specified).
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
The following parameters may be specified by security policy:
|
||
|
|
.Bl -bullet -width 1n
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
real and effective user ID
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
real and effective group ID
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
supplementary group IDs
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
the environment list
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
current working directory
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
file creation mode mask (umask)
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
SELinux role and type
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
Solaris project
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
Solaris privileges
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
BSD login class
|
||
|
|
.It
|
||
|
|
scheduling priority (aka nice value)
|
||
|
|
.El
|
||
|
|
.Ss Process model
|
||
|
|
There are two distinct ways
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
can run a command.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
If an I/O logging plugin is configured or if the security policy
|
||
|
|
explicitly requests it, a new pseudo-terminal
|
||
|
|
.Pq Dq pty
|
||
|
|
is allocated and
|
||
|
|
.Xr fork 2
|
||
|
|
is used to create a second
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
process, referred to as the
|
||
|
|
.Em monitor .
|
||
|
|
The
|
||
|
|
.Em monitor
|
||
|
|
creates a new terminal session with itself as the leader and the pty as its
|
||
|
|
controlling terminal, calls
|
||
|
|
.Xr fork 2 ,
|
||
|
|
sets up the execution environment as described above, and then uses the
|
||
|
|
.Xr execve 2
|
||
|
|
system call to run the command in the child process.
|
||
|
|
The
|
||
|
|
.Em monitor
|
||
|
|
exists to relay job control signals between the user's
|
||
|
|
existing terminal and the pty the command is being run in.
|
||
|
|
This makes it possible to suspend and resume the command.
|
||
|
|
Without the monitor, the command would be in what POSIX terms an
|
||
|
|
.Dq orphaned process group
|
||
|
|
and it would not receive any job control signals from the kernel.
|
||
|
|
When the command exits or is terminated by a signal, the
|
||
|
|
.Em monitor
|
||
|
|
passes the command's exit status to the main
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
process and exits.
|
||
|
|
After receiving the command's exit status, the main
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
passes the command's exit status to the security policy's close function
|
||
|
|
and exits.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
If no pty is used,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
calls
|
||
|
|
.Xr fork 2 ,
|
||
|
|
sets up the execution environment as described above, and uses the
|
||
|
|
.Xr execve 2
|
||
|
|
system call to run the command in the child process.
|
||
|
|
The main
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
process waits until the command has completed, then passes the
|
||
|
|
command's exit status to the security policy's close function and exits.
|
||
|
|
As a special case, if the policy plugin does not define a close
|
||
|
|
function,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will execute the command directly instead of calling
|
||
|
|
.Xr fork 2
|
||
|
|
first.
|
||
|
|
The
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
policy plugin will only define a close function when I/O logging
|
||
|
|
is enabled, a pty is required, or the
|
||
|
|
.Em pam_session
|
||
|
|
or
|
||
|
|
.Em pam_setcred
|
||
|
|
options are enabled.
|
||
|
|
Note that
|
||
|
|
.Em pam_session
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
.Em pam_setcred
|
||
|
|
are enabled by default on systems using PAM.
|
||
|
|
.Ss Signal handling
|
||
|
|
When the command is run as a child of the
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
process,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will relay signals it receives to the command.
|
||
|
|
The
|
||
|
|
.Dv SIGINT
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
.Dv SIGQUIT
|
||
|
|
signals are only relayed when the command is being run in a new pty
|
||
|
|
or when the signal was sent by a user process, not the kernel.
|
||
|
|
This prevents the command from receiving
|
||
|
|
.Dv SIGINT
|
||
|
|
twice each time the user enters control-C.
|
||
|
|
Some signals, such as
|
||
|
|
.Dv SIGSTOP
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
.Dv SIGKILL ,
|
||
|
|
cannot be caught and thus will not be relayed to the command.
|
||
|
|
As a general rule,
|
||
|
|
.Dv SIGTSTP
|
||
|
|
should be used instead of
|
||
|
|
.Dv SIGSTOP
|
||
|
|
when you wish to suspend a command being run by
|
||
|
|
.Nm .
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
As a special case,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will not relay signals that were sent by the command it is running.
|
||
|
|
This prevents the command from accidentally killing itself.
|
||
|
|
On some systems, the
|
||
|
|
.Xr reboot @mansectsu@
|
||
|
|
command sends
|
||
|
|
.Dv SIGTERM
|
||
|
|
to all non-system processes other than itself before rebooting
|
||
|
|
the system.
|
||
|
|
This prevents
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
from relaying the
|
||
|
|
.Dv SIGTERM
|
||
|
|
signal it received back to
|
||
|
|
.Xr reboot @mansectsu@ ,
|
||
|
|
which might then exit before the system was actually rebooted,
|
||
|
|
leaving it in a half-dead state similar to single user mode.
|
||
|
|
Note, however, that this check only applies to the command run by
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
and not any other processes that the command may create.
|
||
|
|
As a result, running a script that calls
|
||
|
|
.Xr reboot @mansectsu@
|
||
|
|
or
|
||
|
|
.Xr shutdown @mansectsu@
|
||
|
|
via
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
may cause the system to end up in this undefined state unless the
|
||
|
|
.Xr reboot @mansectsu@
|
||
|
|
or
|
||
|
|
.Xr shutdown @mansectsu@
|
||
|
|
are run using the
|
||
|
|
.Fn exec
|
||
|
|
family of functions instead of
|
||
|
|
.Fn system
|
||
|
|
(which interposes a shell between the command and the calling process).
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
If no I/O logging plugins are loaded and the policy plugin has not
|
||
|
|
defined a
|
||
|
|
.Fn close
|
||
|
|
function, set a command timeout or required that the command be
|
||
|
|
run in a new pty,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
may execute the command directly instead of running it as a child process.
|
||
|
|
.Ss Plugins
|
||
|
|
Plugins may be specified via
|
||
|
|
.Li Plugin
|
||
|
|
directives in the
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
|
||
|
|
file.
|
||
|
|
They may be loaded as dynamic shared objects (on systems that support them),
|
||
|
|
or compiled directly into the
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
binary.
|
||
|
|
If no
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
|
||
|
|
file is present, or it contains no
|
||
|
|
.Li Plugin
|
||
|
|
lines,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will use the traditional
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
security policy and I/O logging.
|
||
|
|
See the
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
|
||
|
|
manual for details of the
|
||
|
|
.Pa @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf
|
||
|
|
file and the
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@
|
||
|
|
manual for more information about the
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
plugin architecture.
|
||
|
|
.Sh EXIT VALUE
|
||
|
|
Upon successful execution of a command, the exit status from
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will be the exit status of the program that was executed.
|
||
|
|
If the command terminated due to receipt of a signal,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will send itself the same signal that terminated the command.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
If the
|
||
|
|
.Fl l
|
||
|
|
option was specified without a command,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will exit with a value of 0 if the user is allowed to run
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
and they authenticated successfully (as required by the security policy).
|
||
|
|
If a command is specified with the
|
||
|
|
.Fl l
|
||
|
|
option, the exit value will only be 0 if the command is permitted by the
|
||
|
|
security policy, otherwise it will be 1.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
If there is an authentication failure, a configuration/permission
|
||
|
|
problem or if the given command cannot be executed,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
exits with a value of 1.
|
||
|
|
In the latter case, the error string is printed to the standard error.
|
||
|
|
If
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
cannot
|
||
|
|
.Xr stat 2
|
||
|
|
one or more entries in the user's
|
||
|
|
.Ev PATH ,
|
||
|
|
an error is printed to the standard error.
|
||
|
|
(If the directory does not exist or if it is not really a directory,
|
||
|
|
the entry is ignored and no error is printed.)
|
||
|
|
This should not happen under normal circumstances.
|
||
|
|
The most common reason for
|
||
|
|
.Xr stat 2
|
||
|
|
to return
|
||
|
|
.Dq permission denied
|
||
|
|
is if you are running an automounter and one of the directories in
|
||
|
|
your
|
||
|
|
.Ev PATH
|
||
|
|
is on a machine that is currently unreachable.
|
||
|
|
.Sh SECURITY NOTES
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
tries to be safe when executing external commands.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
To prevent command spoofing,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
checks "." and "" (both denoting current directory) last when
|
||
|
|
searching for a command in the user's
|
||
|
|
.Ev PATH
|
||
|
|
(if one or both are in the
|
||
|
|
.Ev PATH ) .
|
||
|
|
Note, however, that the actual
|
||
|
|
.Ev PATH
|
||
|
|
environment variable is
|
||
|
|
.Em not
|
||
|
|
modified and is passed unchanged to the program that
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
executes.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
Users should
|
||
|
|
.Em never
|
||
|
|
be granted
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
privileges to execute files that are writable by the user or
|
||
|
|
that reside in a directory that is writable by the user.
|
||
|
|
If the user can modify or replace the command there is no way
|
||
|
|
to limit what additional commands they can run.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
Please note that
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
will normally only log the command it explicitly runs.
|
||
|
|
If a user runs a command such as
|
||
|
|
.Li sudo su
|
||
|
|
or
|
||
|
|
.Li sudo sh ,
|
||
|
|
subsequent commands run from that shell are not subject to
|
||
|
|
.Nm sudo Ns 's
|
||
|
|
security policy.
|
||
|
|
The same is true for commands that offer shell escapes (including
|
||
|
|
most editors).
|
||
|
|
If I/O logging is enabled, subsequent commands will have their input and/or
|
||
|
|
output logged, but there will not be traditional logs for those commands.
|
||
|
|
Because of this, care must be taken when giving users access to commands via
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
to verify that the command does not inadvertently give the user an
|
||
|
|
effective root shell.
|
||
|
|
For more information, please see the
|
||
|
|
.Em Preventing shell escapes
|
||
|
|
section in
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudoers @mansectform@ .
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
To prevent the disclosure of potentially sensitive information,
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
disables core dumps by default while it is executing (they are
|
||
|
|
re-enabled for the command that is run).
|
||
|
|
This historical practice dates from a time when most operating
|
||
|
|
systems allowed setuid processes to dump core by default.
|
||
|
|
To aid in debugging
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
crashes, you may wish to re-enable core dumps by setting
|
||
|
|
.Dq disable_coredump
|
||
|
|
to false in the
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
|
||
|
|
file as follows:
|
||
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||
|
|
Set disable_coredump false
|
||
|
|
.Ed
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
See the
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@
|
||
|
|
manual for more information.
|
||
|
|
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
utilizes the following environment variables.
|
||
|
|
The security policy has control over the actual content of the command's
|
||
|
|
environment.
|
||
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 15n
|
||
|
|
.It Ev EDITOR
|
||
|
|
Default editor to use in
|
||
|
|
.Fl e
|
||
|
|
(sudoedit) mode if neither
|
||
|
|
.Ev SUDO_EDITOR
|
||
|
|
nor
|
||
|
|
.Ev VISUAL
|
||
|
|
is set.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev MAIL
|
||
|
|
Set to the mail spool of the target user when the
|
||
|
|
.Fl i
|
||
|
|
option is specified or when
|
||
|
|
.Em env_reset
|
||
|
|
is enabled in
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
(unless
|
||
|
|
.Ev MAIL
|
||
|
|
is present in the
|
||
|
|
.Em env_keep
|
||
|
|
list).
|
||
|
|
.It Ev HOME
|
||
|
|
Set to the home directory of the target user when the
|
||
|
|
.Fl i
|
||
|
|
or
|
||
|
|
.Fl H
|
||
|
|
options are specified, when the
|
||
|
|
.Fl s
|
||
|
|
option is specified and
|
||
|
|
.Em set_home
|
||
|
|
is set in
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers ,
|
||
|
|
when
|
||
|
|
.Em always_set_home
|
||
|
|
is enabled in
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers ,
|
||
|
|
or when
|
||
|
|
.Em env_reset
|
||
|
|
is enabled in
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
and
|
||
|
|
.Em HOME
|
||
|
|
is not present in the
|
||
|
|
.Em env_keep
|
||
|
|
list.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev LOGNAME
|
||
|
|
Set to the login name of the target user when the
|
||
|
|
.Fl i
|
||
|
|
option is specified, when the
|
||
|
|
.Em set_logname
|
||
|
|
option is enabled in
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
or when the
|
||
|
|
.Em env_reset
|
||
|
|
option is enabled in
|
||
|
|
.Em sudoers
|
||
|
|
(unless
|
||
|
|
.Ev LOGNAME
|
||
|
|
is present in the
|
||
|
|
.Em env_keep
|
||
|
|
list).
|
||
|
|
.It Ev PATH
|
||
|
|
May be overridden by the security policy.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev SHELL
|
||
|
|
Used to determine shell to run with
|
||
|
|
.Fl s
|
||
|
|
option.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev SUDO_ASKPASS
|
||
|
|
Specifies the path to a helper program used to read the password
|
||
|
|
if no terminal is available or if the
|
||
|
|
.Fl A
|
||
|
|
option is specified.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev SUDO_COMMAND
|
||
|
|
Set to the command run by sudo.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev SUDO_EDITOR
|
||
|
|
Default editor to use in
|
||
|
|
.Fl e
|
||
|
|
(sudoedit) mode.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev SUDO_GID
|
||
|
|
Set to the group ID of the user who invoked sudo.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev SUDO_PROMPT
|
||
|
|
Used as the default password prompt unless
|
||
|
|
the
|
||
|
|
.Fl p
|
||
|
|
option was specified.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev SUDO_PS1
|
||
|
|
If set,
|
||
|
|
.Ev PS1
|
||
|
|
will be set to its value for the program being run.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev SUDO_UID
|
||
|
|
Set to the user ID of the user who invoked sudo.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev SUDO_USER
|
||
|
|
Set to the login name of the user who invoked sudo.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev USER
|
||
|
|
Set to the same value as
|
||
|
|
.Ev LOGNAME ,
|
||
|
|
described above.
|
||
|
|
.It Ev USERNAME
|
||
|
|
Same as
|
||
|
|
.Ev USER .
|
||
|
|
.It Ev VISUAL
|
||
|
|
Default editor to use in
|
||
|
|
.Fl e
|
||
|
|
(sudoedit) mode if
|
||
|
|
.Ev SUDO_EDITOR
|
||
|
|
is not set.
|
||
|
|
.El
|
||
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
||
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 24n
|
||
|
|
.It Pa @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
front end configuration
|
||
|
|
.El
|
||
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
||
|
|
Note: the following examples assume a properly configured security
|
||
|
|
policy.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:
|
||
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||
|
|
$ sudo ls /usr/local/protected
|
||
|
|
.Ed
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the file
|
||
|
|
system holding ~yaz is not exported as root:
|
||
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||
|
|
$ sudo -u yaz ls ~yaz
|
||
|
|
.Ed
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
To edit the
|
||
|
|
.Pa index.html
|
||
|
|
file as user www:
|
||
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||
|
|
$ sudoedit -u www ~www/htdocs/index.html
|
||
|
|
.Ed
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm
|
||
|
|
group:
|
||
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||
|
|
$ sudo -g adm more /var/log/syslog
|
||
|
|
.Ed
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
To run an editor as jim with a different primary group:
|
||
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||
|
|
$ sudoedit -u jim -g audio ~jim/sound.txt
|
||
|
|
.Ed
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
To shut down a machine:
|
||
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||
|
|
$ sudo shutdown -r +15 "quick reboot"
|
||
|
|
.Ed
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home partition.
|
||
|
|
Note that this runs the commands in a sub-shell to make the
|
||
|
|
.Li cd
|
||
|
|
and file redirection work.
|
||
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||
|
|
$ sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"
|
||
|
|
.Ed
|
||
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
||
|
|
.Xr su 1 ,
|
||
|
|
.Xr stat 2 ,
|
||
|
|
.Xr login_cap 3 ,
|
||
|
|
.Xr passwd @mansectform@ ,
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudo.conf @mansectform@ ,
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudo_plugin @mansectform@ ,
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudoers @mansectform@ ,
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudoreplay @mansectsu@ ,
|
||
|
|
.Xr visudo @mansectsu@
|
||
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
||
|
|
See the HISTORY file in the
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/history.html) for a brief
|
||
|
|
history of sudo.
|
||
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
||
|
|
Many people have worked on
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
over the years; this version consists of code written primarily by:
|
||
|
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
|
||
|
|
.An Todd C. Miller
|
||
|
|
.Ed
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
See the CONTRIBUTORS file in the
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/contributors.html) for an
|
||
|
|
exhaustive list of people who have contributed to
|
||
|
|
.Nm .
|
||
|
|
.Sh CAVEATS
|
||
|
|
There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell
|
||
|
|
if that user is allowed to run arbitrary commands via
|
||
|
|
.Nm .
|
||
|
|
Also, many programs (such as editors) allow the user to run commands
|
||
|
|
via shell escapes, thus avoiding
|
||
|
|
.Nm sudo Ns 's
|
||
|
|
checks.
|
||
|
|
However, on most systems it is possible to prevent shell escapes with the
|
||
|
|
.Xr sudoers @mansectform@
|
||
|
|
plugin's
|
||
|
|
.Em noexec
|
||
|
|
functionality.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
It is not meaningful to run the
|
||
|
|
.Li cd
|
||
|
|
command directly via sudo, e.g.,
|
||
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||
|
|
$ sudo cd /usr/local/protected
|
||
|
|
.Ed
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will
|
||
|
|
still be the same.
|
||
|
|
Please see the
|
||
|
|
.Sx EXAMPLES
|
||
|
|
section for more information.
|
||
|
|
.Pp
|
||
|
|
Running shell scripts via
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
can expose the same kernel bugs that make setuid shell scripts
|
||
|
|
unsafe on some operating systems (if your OS has a /dev/fd/ directory,
|
||
|
|
setuid shell scripts are generally safe).
|
||
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
||
|
|
If you feel you have found a bug in
|
||
|
|
.Nm ,
|
||
|
|
please submit a bug report at https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/
|
||
|
|
.Sh SUPPORT
|
||
|
|
Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list,
|
||
|
|
see https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or
|
||
|
|
search the archives.
|
||
|
|
.Sh DISCLAIMER
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
is provided
|
||
|
|
.Dq AS IS
|
||
|
|
and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited
|
||
|
|
to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
|
||
|
|
particular purpose are disclaimed.
|
||
|
|
See the LICENSE file distributed with
|
||
|
|
.Nm
|
||
|
|
or https://www.sudo.ws/license.html for complete details.
|