diff --git a/src/process/ProcessOwnership.finalSweep.test.ts b/src/process/ProcessOwnership.finalSweep.test.ts
index b9c2cd1d5a..6ed2491fc4 100644
--- a/src/process/ProcessOwnership.finalSweep.test.ts
+++ b/src/process/ProcessOwnership.finalSweep.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { afterEach, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import {
   cleanupOwnedProcessGroup,
   type ProcessOwnershipHost,
+  type ProcessRunTokenObservation,
   type ProcessTableEntry,
 } from "./ProcessOwnership.js";
 import { ProcessOwnershipEvidenceOwner } from "./ProcessOwnershipEvidence.js";
@@ -108,6 +109,108 @@ it("waits for native absence after one signal and does not signal again", async
   expect(fixture.signalGroups).toEqual([100]);
 });
 
+it("finishes the public cleanup sweep when the application timer is unavailable", async () => {
+  const unrelated: ProcessTableEntry = {
+    pid: 200,
+    parentPid: 1,
+    processGroupId: 200,
+    state: "S",
+    command: "transient-token-process",
+  };
+  let signaled = false;
+  let postSignalSnapshots = 0;
+  let unrelatedTokenReads = 0;
+  const fixture = makeHost(() => {
+    signaled = true;
+    fixture.replaceRows([unrelated]);
+  });
+  fixture.replaceRows([...initialRows, unrelated]);
+  const host: ProcessOwnershipHost = {
+    ...fixture.host,
+    listProcesses: async () => {
+      if (!signaled) return fixture.rows();
+      postSignalSnapshots += 1;
+      if (postSignalSnapshots === 1) return fixture.rows();
+      fixture.replaceRows([]);
+      return [];
+    },
+    runTokens: async (entries) =>
+      new Map<number, ProcessRunTokenObservation>(
+        entries.map(({ pid }) => {
+          if (pid !== unrelated.pid)
+            return [pid, { state: "readable", runId: "sweep-run" }] as const;
+          if (!signaled)
+            return [pid, { state: "readable", runId: undefined }] as const;
+          unrelatedTokenReads += 1;
+          return [pid, { state: "readable", runId: "sweep-run" }] as const;
+        }),
+      ),
+  };
+  const applicationTimer = vi
+    .spyOn(globalThis, "setTimeout")
+    .mockImplementation(() => {
+      throw new Error("application timer is unavailable");
+    });
+
+  try {
+    await expect(cleanupOwnedProcessGroup(ownership(), host)).resolves.toEqual({
+      cleaned: true,
+      signaled: true,
+    });
+    expect(unrelatedTokenReads).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(postSignalSnapshots).toBe(2);
+    expect(fixture.signalGroups).toEqual([100]);
+    expect(applicationTimer).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  } finally {
+    applicationTimer.mockRestore();
+  }
+});
+
+it("keeps an unreadable live group member fail-closed when the application timer is unavailable", async () => {
+  const fixture = makeHost(() => undefined);
+  let unreadableReads = 0;
+  const host: ProcessOwnershipHost = {
+    ...fixture.host,
+    runTokens: async (entries) =>
+      new Map<number, ProcessRunTokenObservation>(
+        entries.map(({ pid }) => {
+          if (pid === 101) {
+            unreadableReads += 1;
+            return [
+              pid,
+              {
+                state: "unavailable",
+                reason: "EACCES: fixture permission denied",
+              },
+            ] as const;
+          }
+          return [pid, { state: "readable", runId: "sweep-run" }] as const;
+        }),
+      ),
+  };
+  const applicationTimer = vi
+    .spyOn(globalThis, "setTimeout")
+    .mockImplementation(() => {
+      throw new Error("application timer is unavailable");
+    });
+
+  try {
+    await expect(
+      cleanupOwnedProcessGroup(ownership(), host),
+    ).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      cleaned: false,
+      reason: expect.stringContaining(
+        "process ownership token could not be read",
+      ),
+    });
+    expect(unreadableReads).toBeGreaterThan(1);
+    expect(fixture.signalGroups).toEqual([]);
+    expect(applicationTimer).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  } finally {
+    applicationTimer.mockRestore();
+  }
+});
+
 it("preserves a moved same-generation helper as unresolved through the final deadline", async () => {
   const child = initialRows[1];
   if (child === undefined) throw new Error("fixture child is missing");
diff --git a/src/process/ProcessOwnership.ts b/src/process/ProcessOwnership.ts
index 307b20220c..a0c45fb571 100644
--- a/src/process/ProcessOwnership.ts
+++ b/src/process/ProcessOwnership.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { execFile } from "node:child_process";
 import { performance } from "node:perf_hooks";
+import { setTimeout as delay } from "node:timers/promises";
 import { promisify } from "node:util";
 
 import {
@@ -389,11 +390,8 @@ export const cleanupOwnedProcessGroup = async (
       while (!verification.cleaned) {
         const remaining = deadline - performance.now();
         if (remaining <= 0) break;
-        await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
-          setTimeout(
-            resolve,
-            Math.min(PROCESS_CLEANUP_VERIFICATION_INTERVAL_MS, remaining),
-          ),
+        await delay(
+          Math.min(PROCESS_CLEANUP_VERIFICATION_INTERVAL_MS, remaining),
         );
         verification = await verifyNoTokenOwnedProcesses(
           ownership.runId,
@@ -1089,9 +1087,7 @@ const recheckOwnershipFailures = async (
       );
       attempt += 1
     ) {
-      await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
-        setTimeout(resolve, TOKEN_READ_RETRY_DELAY_MS),
-      );
+      await delay(TOKEN_READ_RETRY_DELAY_MS);
       processes = await host.listProcesses();
     }
     const live = new Set(liveProcesses(processes).map(({ pid }) => pid));
@@ -1336,9 +1332,7 @@ const scanWithOwnershipEvidence = async (
       )
       .map(({ process }) => process);
     if (retryRows.length === 0) break;
-    await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
-      setTimeout(resolve, TOKEN_READ_RETRY_DELAY_MS),
-    );
+    await delay(TOKEN_READ_RETRY_DELAY_MS);
     const retries = await readProcessOwnershipFacts(retryRows, host);
     const retryByPid = new Map(retries.map((fact) => [fact.process.pid, fact]));
     facts = facts.map((fact) => retryByPid.get(fact.process.pid) ?? fact);
@@ -1509,9 +1503,7 @@ const settleUnreadableTokenCandidates = async (
     attempt < TOKEN_READ_RETRY_ATTEMPTS && remaining.length > 0;
     attempt += 1
   ) {
-    await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
-      setTimeout(resolve, TOKEN_READ_RETRY_DELAY_MS),
-    );
+    await delay(TOKEN_READ_RETRY_DELAY_MS);
     let live: ReadonlySet<number> | undefined;
     try {
       live = new Set(
diff --git a/src/process/capture/ProcessCaptureLifecycle.ts b/src/process/capture/ProcessCaptureLifecycle.ts
index d20e693b28..a2b8e64a86 100644
--- a/src/process/capture/ProcessCaptureLifecycle.ts
+++ b/src/process/capture/ProcessCaptureLifecycle.ts
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ export const settleProcessCaptureJournal = async (
   let observed = journal.length;
   let lastChangeAt = monotonicProcessCaptureClock();
   while (monotonicProcessCaptureClock() < deadline) {
-    await new Promise<void>((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 4));
+    await delay(4);
     // A stalled event loop can leave timer and poll callbacks that were already
     // due queued behind this wake-up. Drain them before judging silence so a
     // trailing observation is not dropped by an early settle.
diff --git a/src/process/capture/ProcessHarness.test.ts b/src/process/capture/ProcessHarness.test.ts
index bd7a3c0c77..a0833e380a 100644
--- a/src/process/capture/ProcessHarness.test.ts
+++ b/src/process/capture/ProcessHarness.test.ts
@@ -257,6 +257,22 @@ it("preserves the actionable Darwin ownership compiler prerequisite", () => {
   });
 });
 
+it("settles the capture journal when the application timer is unavailable", async () => {
+  const applicationTimer = vi
+    .spyOn(globalThis, "setTimeout")
+    .mockImplementation(() => {
+      throw new Error("application timer is unavailable");
+    });
+  try {
+    await expect(
+      settleProcessCaptureJournal([], 0, 50),
+    ).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+    expect(applicationTimer).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  } finally {
+    applicationTimer.mockRestore();
+  }
+});
+
 it("waits for terminal observations delivered after the exit callback", async () => {
   const journal: Array<{
     capture_order: number;